Carbon Monoxide Risks
Recently, public attention has focused on the risk of carbon monoxide (or CO)
poisoning in the home. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) prepared
this fact sheet to help people protect themselves and their families against CO
poisoning.
What is carbon monoxide?
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an invisible, odorless, colorless gas created when
fossil fuels (such as gasoline, wood, coal, propane, oil and methane) burn
incompletely. In the home, heating and cooking equipment are possible sources
of carbon monoxide. Vehicles running in an attached garage could also produce
dangerous levels of carbon monoxide.
However, consumers can protect themselves against CO poisoning by maintaining,
using, and venting heating and cooking equipment and by being cautious when
using vehicles in attached garages.
What is the effect of exposure to CO?
CO replaces oxygen in the bloodstream, eventually causing suffocation. Mild CO
poisoning feels like the flu, but more serious poisoning leads to difficulty
breathing and even death.
Just how sick people get from CO exposure varies greatly from person to person,
depending on age, overall health, the concentration of the exposure (measured
in parts per million), and the length of exposure. Higher concentrations are
dangerous even for a short time.
What is your risk of CO poisoning?<
Deaths from unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning (about 700 in 1993)
according to the National Safety Council are fairly rare. Three of every five
of these deaths typically involve vehicles, one of every five typically
involves heating or cooking equipment, and the other one of every five
typically involves other or unspecified causes.
In fact, deaths from unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning have dropped
sharply in recent years, thanks to lower CO emissions from automobiles and
safer heating and cooking appliances. Deaths from "smoke inhalation"
in fires and suicides involving CO are far more common causes of gas-related
suffocation deaths in the home. Published estimates on the role of CO in home
fire deaths vary widely.
According to the NFPA, there were 242 CO-related non-fire deaths attributed to
heating and cooking equipment in 1991. The leading specific types of equipment
were:
- Gas-fueled space heaters (69 deaths)
- Gas-fueled furnaces (52 deaths)
- Charcoal grills (36 deaths)
- Gas-fueled ranges (23 deaths)
- Portable kerosene heaters (23 deaths)
- Wood stoves (13 deaths)
As with fire deaths, the risk of unintentional CO death is highest for the very
young (ages 4 or under) and the very old (ages 75 or above).
How can you protect yourself from CO poisoning?
The best defenses against CO poisoning are safe use of vehicles (particularly
in attached garages) and proper installation, use and maintenance of household
cooking and heating equipment.
You may also want to install CO detectors inside your home to provide early
warning of accumulating carbon monoxide. However, a CO detector is no
substitute for safe use and maintenance of heating and cooking equipment.
What are CO detectors?
Household carbon monoxide detectors measure how much CO has accumulated.
Currently, CO detectors sound an alarm when the concentration of CO in the air
corresponds to 10% carboxyhemoglobin level in the blood. Since 10% COHb is at
the very low end of CO poisoning, the alarm may sound before people feel
particularly sick.
Pollution and atmospheric conditions in some areas cause low levels of CO to be
present for long periods of time. In fact, these "background"
conditions may increase the COHb level to over 10%, causing CO detectors to
alarm even though conditions inside the home are not truly hazardous. Treat all
CO detector alarms as real, until it has been verified that there is no threat
from equipment inside the dwelling.
If you buy CO detectors:
- Select detector(s) listed by a qualified, independent testing laboratory.
- Follow manufacturer's recommendations for placement in your home.
- Call your local fire department non-emergency telephone number. Tell the
operator that you have purchased a CO detector and ask what number to call if
the CO detector alarms. Be sure you understand whom to call if your detector
alarms, and clearly post that number by your telephone(s). Make sure everyone
in the household knows the difference between the fire emergency and CO
emergency numbers (if there is a difference).
- Test CO detectors at least once a month, following the manufacturer's
instructions.
- Replace CO detectors according to the manufacturer's instructions, usually
about every two years.
- Battery powered CO detectors may have unique battery packs designed to
last approximately two years, compared to batteries used in smoke detectors,
which require yearly replacement.
What to do if your CO detector alarms
If anyone shows signs of CO poisoning: Have everyone leave the building right
away. Leave doors open as you go. Use a neighbor's telephone to report the CO
alarm, following the instructions you received from the fire department when
you bought the detector. Get immediate medical attention.
If no one has symptoms of CO poisoning: Open windows and doors, shut down
heating and cooking equipment, and call a qualified technician to inspect all
equipment.
Be on the lookout for any symptoms of CO poisoning. Follow the steps above if
symptoms appear.
Safety Tips
If you need to warm up a vehicle, remove it from the garage immediately after
starting the ignition. Do not run a vehicle or other fueled engine or motor
indoors, even if garage doors are open.
CO from a running vehicle inside an attached garage can get inside the house,
even with the garage door open. Normal circulation does not provide enough
fresh air to reliably prevent dangerous accumulations inside.
Have your vehicle inspected for exhaust leaks, if you have any symptoms of CO
poisoning.
Have fuel burning household heating equipment (fireplaces, furnaces, water
heaters, wood stoves, and space or portable heaters) checked every year before
cold weather sets in. All chimneys and chimney connectors should be evaluated
for proper installation, cracks, blockages or leaks. Make needed repairs before
using the equipment. Before enclosing central heating equipment in a smaller
room, check with your fuel supplier to ensure that air for proper combustion is
provided. When using a fireplace, open the flue for adequate ventilation.
Kerosene heaters are illegal in many states. Always check with local
authorities before buying or using one. Open a window slightly whenever using a
kerosene heater. Refuel outside, after the device has cooled.
Always use barbecue grills outside if they can produce carbon monoxide. Never
use them in the home or garage. When purchasing new heating and cooking
equipment, select factory built products approved by an independent testing
laboratory. Do not accept damaged equipment. Hire a qualified technician
(usually employed by the local oil or gas company) to install the equipment.
Ask about and insist that the technician follow applicable fire safety and
local building codes. If you purchase an existing home have a qualified
technician evaluate the integrity of the heating and cooking systems, as well
as the sealed spaces between the garage and house.
When camping, remember to use battery powered heaters and flashlights in tents,
trailers and motor homes. Using fossil fuels inside these structures is
extremely dangerous. NFPA 501, Standard on Recreational Vehicles, requires the
installation of CO detector in recreational vehicles.
Safety Checklist
Carbon monoxide detectors are not substitutes for smoke
detectors. Smoke detectors react to fire by-products, before CO detectors would
alarm. Smoke detectors give earlier warning of a fire, providing more time to
escape.
To guard against smoke and fire, be sure that your home has
working smoke detectors on every level and just outside of all sleeping areas.
Know the difference between the sound of the smoke detectors
and the sound of the carbon monoxide detector.
Have a home evacuation plan for any home emergency and
practice the plan with all members of the household.
Sources: DOE - Hanford and National
Fire Protection Association
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